Bankruptcy Act 1988
Number 27 of 1988
BANKRUPTCY ACT 1988
REVISED
Updated to 31 July 2023
This Revised Act is an administrative consolidation of the Bankruptcy Act 1988. It is prepared by the Law Reform Commission in accordance with its function under the Law Reform Commission Act 1975 (3/1975) to keep the law under review and to undertake revision and consolidation of statute law.
All Acts up to and including Wildlife (Amendment) Act 2023 (25/2023), enacted 20 July 2023, and all statutory instruments up to and including Courts and Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2023 (Commencement) Order 2023 (S.I. No. 389 of 2023), made 28 July 2023, were considered in the preparation of this Revised Act.
Disclaimer: While every care has been taken in the preparation of this Revised Act, the Law Reform Commission can assume no responsibility for and give no guarantees, undertakings or warranties concerning the accuracy, completeness or up to date nature of the information provided and does not accept any liability whatsoever arising from any errors or omissions. Please notify any errors, omissions and comments by email to
revisedacts@lawreform.ie.
Number 27 of 1988
BANKRUPTCY ACT 1988
REVISED
Updated to 31 July 2023
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
Preliminary and General
Section |
|
Application of Act to subsisting bankruptcies and arrangements. |
|
Procedure in Bankruptcy
Petition or act of bankruptcy agreed between bankrupt and creditor. |
|
Revenue Commissioners to furnish certain information to Official Assignee. |
|
Partnership Cases
Composition after Bankruptcy
Bankrupt Dying after Adjudication
Subsequent Bankruptcy
Administration of Property
Effect of Adjudication on Bankrupt's Property
Vesting in Official Assignee of certain money and securities. |
|
Limitation of Official Assignee's powers in relation to copyright. |
|
Discharge of persons delivering property, etc., to Official Assignee. |
|
Fraudulent and Voluntary Conveyances
Management Provisions
Distribution of Estate
Arrangements under Control of Court
Prohibition on presentation of petition for arrangement under section 87 |
|
Winding up by Trustee
Estates of Persons Dying Insolvent
Petition to administer in bankruptcy estate of person dying insolvent. |
|
Effect on personal representative of service of notice of petition. |
|
Offences
Miscellaneous
Restriction of right of access to personal data in certain circumstances. |
|
Proof of Debts
Repeals
Acts Referred to |
|
1954, No. 26 |
|
1967, No. 9 |
|
Bankruptcy (Ireland) Amendment Act, 1872 |
1872, c. 58 |
1971, No. 24 |
|
1961, No. 41 |
|
1964, No. 17 |
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1961, No. 39 |
|
1967, No. 12 |
|
Deeds of Arrangement Act, 1887 |
1887, c. 57 |
1940, No. 23 |
|
Factors Act, 1889 |
1889, c. 45 |
Fines and Recoveries (Ireland) Act, 1834 |
1834, c. 92 |
Friendly Societies Act, 1896 |
1896, c. 25 |
Irish Bankrupt and Insolvent Act, 1857 |
1857, c. 60 |
Judgment Mortgage (Ireland) Act, 1850 |
1850, c. 29 |
1933, No. 36 |
|
Partnership Act, 1890 |
1890, c. 39 |
Preferential Payments in Bankruptcy (Ireland) Act, 1889 |
1889, c. 60 |
1957, No. 6 |
|
Supreme Court of Judicature (Ireland) (No. 2) Act, 1897 |
1897, c. 66 |
Trustee Savings Banks Act, 1863 |
1863, c. 87 |
Marginal Abbreviations
1857—Irish Bankrupt and Insolvent Act, 1857
1872, c. 57—Debtors Act (Ireland), 1872
1872—Bankruptcy (Ireland) Amendment Act, 1872
1887, c. 57—Deeds of Arrangement Act, 1887
1888, c. 44—Local Bankruptcy (Ireland) Act, 1888
1889—Preferential Payments in Bankruptcy (Ireland) Act, 1889
1890, c. 24—Deeds of Arrangement Amendment Act, 1890
33/1963—Companies Act, 1963
16/1964—Registration of Title Act, 1964
27/1965—Succession Act, 1965
36/1971—Courts Act, 1971
RSC—The Rules of the Superior Courts, 1962
LCR—Local Court Rules, 1888
Number 27 of 1988
BANKRUPTCY ACT 1988
REVISED
Updated to 31 July 2023
AN ACT TO CONSOLIDATE WITH AMENDMENTS THE LAW RELATING TO BANKRUPTCY AND TO PROVIDE FOR RELATED MATTERS. [13th July, 1988]
BE IT ENACTED BY THE OIREACHTAS AS FOLLOWS:
Annotations
Modifications (not altering text):
C1
Application of Act extended (3.01.2018) by European Union (Markets in Financial Instruments) Regulations 2017 (S.I. No. 375 of 2017), reg. 148(11), in effect as per reg. 1(2).
Winding up of investment firm or market operator by the Court
148. ...
(2) Notwithstanding section 569 of the Companies Act 2014, the Bank, by presenting a petition, may apply to the Court to have an investment firm, data reporting service provider or the market operator of a regulated market wound up, under Chapter 2 of Part 11 of that Act, on any of the following grounds:
(a) the investment firm or market operator is unable or, in the opinion of the Bank, may be unable to meet its obligations to its clients or creditors;
(b) the authorisation of the investment firm or market operator has been withdrawn or revoked and the firm or operator has ceased to carry on business as an investment firm or to operate a regulated market;
(c) the Bank considers that it is in the interest of the proper and orderly regulation and supervision of investment firms or regulated markets or is necessary for the protection of investors that the investment firm or the market operator of the regulated market be wound up;
(d) the investment firm or market operator has failed to comply with any direction given by the Bank under these Regulations.
...
(11) In the case of an individual that is an authorised investment firm or is the market operator of a regulated market, the Bank may apply by petition to the Court for an adjudication of bankruptcy within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Act 1988 (No. 27 of 1988) and the Bankruptcy Act 1988 shall apply as if the grounds specified in paragraph (2) (a) to (d) were acts of bankruptcy (within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Act 1988).
C2
Function to be performed by Official Assignee in Bankruptcy in the Insolvency Service of Ireland specified (23.07.2014) by Protected Disclosures Act 2014 (Section 7(2)) Order 2014 (S.I. No. 339 of 2014), reg. 2 and sch. ref. no. 33.
2. Each person specified in column (2) of the Schedule is hereby prescribed to be the recipient of disclosures of relevant wrongdoings falling within the description of matters specified in column (3) of the Schedule in relation to the person.
Schedule
Reference Number (1) |
Prescribed Person (2) |
Description of matters in respect of which the person is prescribed(3) |
... |
... |
... |
33 |
Director of the Insolvency Service of Ireland (in respect of the matters specified in paragraph (a) of column (3)) Official Assignee in Bankruptcy in the Insolvency Service of Ireland (in respect of the matters specified in paragraph (b) of column (3). |
(a) ... (b) All matters relating to the administration of bankruptcy estates under the Bankruptcy Act 1988 (No.27 of 1988). |
... |
... |
... |
C3
Application of Act restricted (1.09.2008) by Criminal Justice (Mutual Assistance) Act 2008 (7/2008), s. 40(1), S.I. No. 338 of 2008.
Bankruptcy of defendant, etc.
40.— (1) Where a person who holds realisable property is adjudicated bankrupt—
(a) property for the time being subject to a freezing co-operation order made before the order adjudicating the person bankrupt, and
(b) any proceeds of property realised by virtue of section 36, for the time being in the hands of a receiver,
is excluded from the property of the bankrupt for the purposes of the Bankruptcy Act 1988.
(2) Where a person has been adjudicated bankrupt, the powers of the High Court under section 36 or of a receiver appointed under that section shall not be exercised in relation to property of the bankrupt for the purposes of the said Act of 1988.
(3) Where a person is adjudicated bankrupt and has directly or indirectly made a gift—
(a) no decision as to whether the gift is void shall be made under section 57, 58 or 59 of the said Act of 1988 in respect of the making of the gift at any time when property of the person to whom the gift was made is subject to a freezing co-operation order, and
(b) any decision as to whether it is void made under any of those sections after the discharge of the freezing co-operation order shall take into account any realisation under this Act of property held by the person to whom the gift was made.
(4) In any case in which a petition in bankruptcy was presented, or an adjudication in bankruptcy was made, before 1 January 1989, this section has effect with the modification that for references to the property of the bankrupt for the purposes of the said Act of 1988 there shall be substituted references to the property of the bankrupt vesting in the assignees for the purposes of the law of bankruptcy existing before that date.
C4
Limit of liability of official assignee and payment of expenses in circumstances of a freezing co-operation order provided (1.09.2008) by Criminal Justice (Mutual Assistance) Act 2008 (7/2008), s. 41, S.I. No. 338 of 2008.
Property subject to freezing co-operation order dealt with by Official Assignee.
41.— (1) Without prejudice to the generality of any provision of any other enactment, where—
(a) the Official Assignee or a trustee appointed under Part V of the Bankruptcy Act 1988 seizes or disposes of any property in relation to which his or her functions are not exercisable because it is for the time being subject to a freezing co-operation order, and
(b) at the time of the seizure or disposal he or she believes, and has reasonable grounds for believing, that he or she is entitled (whether under an order of the court or otherwise) to seize or dispose of the property,
he or she is not liable to any person in respect of any loss or damage resulting from the seizure or disposal except in so far as the loss or damage is caused by his or her negligence in so acting, and he or she has a lien on the property, or the proceeds of its sale, for such of his or her expenses as were incurred in connection with the bankruptcy or other proceedings in relation to which the seizure or disposal purported to take place and for so much of his or her remuneration as may reasonably be assigned for his or her acting in connection with those proceedings.
(2) Where the Official Assignee or a trustee appointed as aforesaid incurs expenses in respect of any property mentioned in subsection (1)(a) and, when doing so, does not know and has no reasonable grounds for believing that the property is subject to a freezing co-operation order, he or she is entitled (whether or not he or she has seized or disposed of that property so as to have a lien) to payment of those expenses under section 42.
C5
Application of Act restricted (31.10.2006) by International Criminal Court Act 2006 (30/2006), s. 44, commenced on enactment.
Bankruptcy of defendant, etc.
44.— (1) Where a person who holds realisable property is adjudicated bankrupt, the following property is excluded from the property of the bankrupt for the purposes of the Act of 1988:
(a) any property for the time being subject to—
(i) a freezing order made before the order of adjudication, or
(ii) an ICC order which is the subject of an enforcement order made before the order of adjudication;
(b) any property realised by virtue of section 38 (11) or 41 (2) and for the time being in the hands of a receiver.
(2) Where a person was adjudicated bankrupt before the passing of this Act, the powers of the High Court or a receiver under either of those sections shall not be exercised in relation to property of the bankrupt for the purposes of the Act of 1988.
(3) Where a person is adjudicated bankrupt and has directly or indirectly made a gift caught by this Part—
(a) any decision as to whether the gift is void shall not be made under section 57, 58 or 59 of the Act of 1988 in respect of the making of the gift at any time when property of the person to whom the gift was made is subject to a freezing order or an enforceable ICC order, and
(b) any such decision made after the discharge of the freezing order or enforceable ICC order shall take into account any realisation under this Part of property held by the person to whom the gift was made.
(4) Where a petition in bankruptcy was presented, or an adjudication in bankruptcy made, before 1 January 1989, this section shall have effect with the modification that for references to the property of the bankrupt for the purposes of the Act of 1988 there shall be substituted references to the property of the bankrupt vesting in the assignees for the purposes of the law of bankruptcy in force before that date.
C6
Application of Act restricted (26.11.1996) by Criminal Justice Act 1994 (Section 46(6)) Regulations 1996 (S.I. No. 343 of 1996), reg. 28.
Bankruptcy of defendant, etc.
28.—(1) Where a person who holds realisable property is adjudicated bankrupt—
(a) property for the time being subject to a restraint order made before the order adjudicating him bankrupt, and
(b) any proceeds of property realised by virtue of section 20(5) or (6) or 24 (7) of this Act, for the time being in the hands of a receiver,
is excluded from the property of the bankrupt for the purposes of the Bankruptcy Act, 1988 .
(2) Where a person has been adjudicated bankrupt, the powers conferred on the High Court or on a receiver by section 20 or 24 of this Act shall not be exercised in relation to property of the bankrupt for the purposes of the said Act of 1988.
(3) Where a person is adjudicated bankrupt and has directly or indirectly made a gift caught by this Act—
(a) no decision as to whether the gift is void shall be made under section 57, 58 or 59 of the said Act of 1988 in respect of the making of the gift at any time when property of the person to whom the gift was made is subject to a restraint order, and
(b) any decision as to whether it is void made under any of those sections after the discharge of the restraint order shall take into account any realisation under this Act of property held by the person to whom the gift was made.
(4) In any case in which a petition in bankruptcy was presented, or an adjudication in bankruptcy was made, before 1st January, 1989, this section shall have effect with the modification that for references to the property of the bankrupt for the purposes of the said Act of 1988 there shall be substituted references to the property of the bankrupt vesting in the assignees for the purposes of the law of bankruptcy existing before that date.
C7
Application of Act restricted (4.08.1996) by Proceeds of Crime Act 1996 (30/1996), s. 11, commenced on enactment.
Bankruptcy of respondent, etc.
11.—(1) Where a person who is in possession or control of property is adjudicated bankrupt, property subject to an interim order, an interlocutory order, or a disposal order, made before the order adjudicating the person bankrupt, is excluded from the property of the bankrupt for the purposes of the Bankruptcy Act, 1988.
(2) Where a person has been adjudicated bankrupt, the powers conferred on the Court by section 2 or 3 shall not be exercised in relation to property of the bankrupt for the purposes of the said Act of 1988.
(3) In any case in which a petition in bankruptcy was presented, or an adjudication in bankruptcy was made, before the 1st day of January, 1989, this section shall have effect with the modification that, for the references in subsections (1) and (2) to the property of the bankrupt for the purposes of the Act aforesaid, there shall be substituted references to the property of the bankrupt vesting in the assignees for the purposes of the law of bankruptcy existing before that date.
C8
Application of Act restricted (1.08.1995) by Netting of Financial Contracts Act 1995 (25/1995), s. 4, commenced on enactment.
Enforceability of netting, set off, guarantees and collateral in relation to netting and master netting agreements.
4.—(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any rule of law relating to bankruptcy, insolvency or receivership, or in the Companies Acts or the Bankruptcy Act, 1988, the provisions—
(a) relating to netting, the set off of money provided by way of security, the enforcement of a guarantee and the enforcement and realisation of collateral and the set off of the proceeds thereof, as contained within a netting agreement or a guarantee provided for in such an agreement shall be legally enforceable against a party to the agreement and, where applicable, against a guarantor or other person providing security, and
(b) relating to set off of the net amounts due under netting agreements, the set off of money provided by way of security, the enforcement of a guarantee and the enforcement and realisation of collateral and the set off of the proceeds thereof, as contained within a master netting agreement or a guarantee provided for in such an agreement shall be legally enforceable against a party to the agreement and, where applicable, against a guarantor or other person providing security.
(2) Nothing in subsection (1) shall—
(a) prevent the application of any enactment or rule of law which would prevent the legal enforceability of netting, set off, enforcement and realisation within the meaning of subsection (1) in any particular case, on the grounds of fraud or misrepresentation or on any similar ground and, in particular, by reason of the application of—
(i) sections 57, 58 and 59 of the Bankruptcy Act, 1988,
(ii) section 286 of the Companies Act, 1963, and
(iii) section 139 of the Companies Act, 1990,
or
(b) permit the enforceability of netting, set off, enforcement and realisation under subsection (1) if any provision of an agreement between the two parties concerned would make netting, set off, enforcement and realisation void whether because of fraud or misrepresentation or any similar ground.
(3) Section II of the Statute of Frauds, 1695, shall not apply in relation to financial contracts.
(4) For the avoidance of doubt a financial contract shall not be and shall be deemed never to have been void or unenforceable by reason of the Gaming and Lotteries Acts, 1956 to 1986.
C9
Application of Act extended (1.08.1995) by Investment Intermediaries Act 1995 (11/1995), s. 22(1)(a)-(d) and (9), S.I. No. 207 of 1995.
Winding-up on application to Court.
22.—(1) Notwithstanding section 215 of the Companies Act, 1963, a supervisory authority may, by presenting a petition, apply to the Court to have an authorised investment business firm or former authorised investment business firm wound up on any of the following grounds, namely that—
(a) an authorised investment business firm or former authorised investment business firm is or, in the opinion of the supervisory authority, may be unable to meet its obligations to its clients or creditors,
(b) the authorisation of the investment business firm has been revoked and the former authorised investment business firm has ceased to operate as an investment business firm,
(c) the supervisory authority considers that it is in the interest of the proper and orderly regulation and supervision of investment business firms or is necessary for the protection of investors that the authorised investment business firm or former authorised investment business firm be wound up,
(d) an authorised investment business firm or a former authorised investment business firm has failed to comply with any direction given by the supervisory authority under this Act.
...
(9) In the case of an authorised investment business firm or a former authorised investment business firm which is constituted as an individual person, the supervisory authority may apply by petition to the Court for an adjudication of bankruptcy within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Act, 1988, and the Bankruptcy Act, 1988 shall apply as if the grounds specified in subsection (1) (a) to (d) of this section were acts of bankruptcy (within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Act, 1988).
C10
Application of Act restricted (14.11.1994) by Criminal Justice Act 1994 (15/1994), s. 28(2), S.I. No. 324 of 1994.
Bankruptcy of defendant, etc.
28.—(1) Where a person who holds realisable property is adjudicated bankrupt—
(a) property for the time being subject to a restraint order made before the order adjudicating him bankrupt, and
(b) any proceeds of property realised by virtue of section 20 (5) or (6) or 24 (7) of this Act, for the time being in the hands of a receiver,
is excluded from the property of the bankrupt for the purposes of the Bankruptcy Act, 1988.
(2) Where a person has been adjudicated bankrupt, the powers conferred on the High Court or on a receiver by section 20 or 24 of this Act shall not be exercised in relation to property of the bankrupt for the purposes of the said Act of 1988.
(3) Where a person is adjudicated bankrupt and has directly or indirectly made a gift caught by this Act—
(a) no decision as to whether the gift is void shall be made under section 57, 58 or 59 of the said Act of 1988 in respect of the making of the gift at any time when—
(i) proceedings for an offence in respect of which a confiscation order might be made have been instituted against him and have not been concluded, or
(ii) an application has been made in respect of the defendant under section 7, 8, 13, or 18 of this Act and has not been concluded, or
(iii) property of the person to whom the gift was made is subject to a restraint order,
and
(b) any decision as to whether it is void made under any of those sections after the conclusion of the proceedings or of the application shall take into account any realisation under this Act of property held by the person to whom the gift was made.
(4) In any case in which a petition in bankruptcy was presented, or an adjudication in bankruptcy was made, before 1st January, 1989, this section shall have effect with the modification that for references to the property of the bankrupt for the purposes of the said Act of 1988 there shall be substituted references to the property of the bankrupt vesting in the assignees for the purposes of the law of bankruptcy existing before that date.
Editorial Notes:
E1
Prospective affecting provision: aquaculture licence regarded as property forming part of bankrupt’s estate for purposes of Act if the holder of the licence is adjudicated bankrupt by Foyle Fisheries Act 1952 (5/1952), s. 53K, as inserted by Foyle and Carlingford Fisheries Act 2007 (17/2007), s. 4, not commenced as of date of revision.
E2
Office of the Official Assignee in Bankruptcy prescribed for purposes of access to the National Vehicle and Driver file records established under Finance Act 1993 (13/1993), s. 60(3) and Road Traffic Act 1961 (24/1961), s. 22(4) (9.07.2015) by National Vehicle and Driver File (Access) (No. 2) Regulations 2015 (S.I. No. 287 of 2015), reg. 2 and sch. ref. 15.
E3
Insolvency Service required to keep accounts relating to functions of the Official Assignee under Act by Personal Insolvency Act 2012 (44/2012), s. 17(2)(b) as substituted (3.12.2013) by Courts and Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2013 (32/2013), s. 39, S.I. No. 463 of 2013.
E4
Fees in Bankruptcy matters prescribed (3.12.2013) by Personal Insolvency Act 2012 (Prescribed Fees in Bankruptcy Matters) Regulations 2013 (S.I. No. 465 of 2013).
E5
Obligation imposed on a person who holds a specified position with an operator to inform the operator in writing in the event that he or she is or has been convicted of an offence under Act (4.12.2011) by European Union (Occupation of Road Transport Operator) Regulations 2011 (S.I. No. 697 of 2011), reg. 8 and sch.
E6
Power granted to Minister for Transport, Tourism and Sport, in determining whether an operator has satisfied or continues to satisfy the requirement of good repute, to consider whether or not the operator or a person who holds a specified position with the operator has, within the previous 10 years, been convicted of an offence under Act (4.12.2011) by European Union (Occupation of Road Transport Operator) Regulations 2011 (S.I. No. 697 of 2011), reg. 6 and sch.
E7
Obligation imposed on prison officers to inform Governor in the event of proceedings under Act being brought in relation to the officer (1.10.2007) by Prison Rules 2007 (S.I. No. 252 of 2007), rl. 96(c), in effect as per rl. 1(2).
E8
Previous affecting provision: Office of the Official Assignee in Bankruptcy prescribed for purposes of access to the National Vehicle and Driver file records established under Finance Act 1993 (13/1993), s. 60 (19.02.2015) by National Vehicle and Driver File (Access) Regulations 2015 (S.I. No. 64 of 2015); revoked (9.07.2015) by National Vehicle and Driver File (Access) (No. 2) Regulations 2015 (S.I. No. 287 of 2015), reg. 3.
E9
Previous affecting provision: application of Act extended (1.11.2007) by European Communities (Markets in Financial Instruments) Regulations 2007 (S.I. No. 60 of 2007), reg. 150(2)(a)-(d) and (11), in effect as per reg. 1(2); revoked (3.01.2018) by European Union (Markets in Financial Instruments) Regulations 2017 (S.I. No. 375 of 2017), reg. 145(1), in effect as per reg. 1(2).