5.—(1) No non-national may be in the State other than in accordance with the terms of any permission given to him or her before the passing of this Act, or a permission F17[given to him or her] after such passing, by or on behalf of the Minister.

(2) A non-national who is in the State in contravention of subsection (1) is for all purposes unlawfully present in the State.

(3) This section does not apply to—

(a) a person whose application for asylum under the Act of 1996 is under consideration by the Minister,

(b) a refugee who is the holder of a declaration (within the meaning of that Act) which is in force,

(c) a member of the family of a refugee to whom section 18(3)(a) of that Act applies, F18[…]

(d) a programme refugee within the meaning of section 24 of F19[that Act, or]

F20[(e) a person who has the right to remain in the State in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2024/1348 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 May 2024²⁶ establishing a common procedure for international protection in the Union and repealing Directive 2013/32/EU as amended by Regulation (EU) 2026/463 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 February 2026²⁷ and Regulation (EU) 2026/464 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 February 2026²⁸, and the International Protection Act 2026.]