1.—(1) In this Act—

“contaminated blood” means blood which is contaminated with any disease, virus, agent or organism which if passed into the blood stream of another could infect the other with a life threatening or potentially life threatening disease;

“contaminated fluid” means fluid or substance which is contaminated with any disease, virus, agent or organism which if passed into the blood stream of another could infect the other with a life threatening or potentially life threatening disease;

“contaminated syringe” means a syringe which has in it or on it contaminated blood or contaminated fluid;

“harm” means harm to body or mind and includes pain and unconsciousness;

“member of the family” in relation to a person, means the spouse, a child (including step-child or adopted child), grandchild, parent, grandparent, step-parent, brother, sister, half-brother, half-sister, uncle, aunt, nephew or niece of the person or any person cohabiting or residing with him or her;

“property” means property of a tangible nature, whether real or personal, including money and animals that are capable of being stolen;

“public place” includes any street, seashore, park, land or field, highway and any other premises or place to which at the material time the public have or are permitted to have access, whether on payment or otherwise, and includes any train, vessel, aircraft or vehicle used for the carriage of persons for reward;

“serious harm” means injury which creates a substantial risk of death or which causes serious disfigurement or substantial loss or impairment of the mobility of the body as a whole or of the function of any particular bodily member or organ;

“street” includes any road, bridge, lane, footway, subway, square, court, alley or passage, whether a thoroughfare or not, which is for the time being open to the public; and the doorways, entrances and gardens abutting on a street and any ground or car-park adjoining and open to a street, shall be treated as forming part of a street;

“syringe” includes any part of a syringe or a needle or any sharp instrument capable of piercing skin and passing onto or into a person blood or any fluid or substance resembling blood.

(2) For the purposes of sections 17, 18 and 19 it is immaterial whether a belief is justified or not if it is honestly held but the presence or absence of reasonable grounds for the belief is a matter to which the court or the jury is to have regard, in conjunction with any other relevant matters, in considering whether the person honestly held the belief.

(3) In this Act—

(a) a reference to any enactment shall, unless the context otherwise requires, be construed as a reference to that enactment as amended or extended by or under any subsequent enactment including this Act,

(b) a reference to a section is a reference to a section of this Act unless it is indicated that reference to some other enactment is intended,

(c) a reference to a subsection, paragraph or subparagraph is a reference to the subsection, paragraph or subparagraph of the provision in which the reference occurs unless it is indicated that reference to some other provision is intended.

2.—(1) A person shall be guilty of the offence of assault who, without lawful excuse, intentionally or recklessly—

(a) directly or indirectly applies force to or causes an impact on the body of another, or

(b) causes another to believe on reasonable grounds that he or she is likely immediately to be subjected to any such force or impact,

without the consent of the other.

(2) In subsection (1) (a), “force” includes—

(a) application of heat, light, electric current, noise or any other form of energy, and

(b) application of matter in solid liquid or gaseous form.

(3) No such offence is committed if the force or impact, not being intended or likely to cause injury, is in the circumstances such as is generally acceptable in the ordinary conduct of daily life and the defendant does not know or believe that it is in fact unacceptable to the other person.

(4) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both.

3.—(1) A person who assaults another causing him or her harm shall be guilty of an offence.

(2) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable—

(a) on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to both, or

(b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding F1[10 years] or to both.

3A.—(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence who, without lawful excuse, intentionally or recklessly—

(a) strangles or suffocates another, or

(b) causes another to believe on reasonable grounds that he or she is likely immediately to be subjected to suffocation or strangulation.

(2) In a prosecution for an offence under subsection (1), it shall be a defence for the accused to show that the other consented to the strangulation or suffocation of which the offence consists.

(3) A person guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall be liable—

(a) on summary conviction, to a class A fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months, or to both, or

(b) on conviction on indictment, to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years, or to both.

(4) A person charged with an offence under subsection (1) may, if the evidence does not warrant a conviction for that offence but warrants a conviction for an offence under section 3, be found guilty of an offence under section 3.

(5) In this section and section 4A (inserted by section 22 of the Criminal Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2023)—

"strangle" includes applying, directly or indirectly, force to the neck of another so as to impede breathing or the circulation of blood;

"suffocate" includes—

(a) asphyxiating another, and

(b) impeding the breathing of another, including by—

(i) covering the mouth or nose,

(ii) constricting the chest, or

(iii) blocking, by means of a foreign object, the airways,

of the other.]

4.—(1) A person who intentionally or recklessly causes serious harm to another shall be guilty of an offence.

(2) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for life or to both.

4A.—(1) A person who intentionally or recklessly causes serious harm to another by suffocating or strangling the other shall be guilty of an offence.

(2) A person guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall be liable on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for life or to both.

(3) A person charged with an offence under subsection (1) may, if the evidence does not warrant a conviction for that offence but warrants a conviction for an offence under section 4, be found guilty of an offence under section 4.

(4) In this section, "strangle" and "suffocate" have the meanings they have in section 3A (inserted by section 21 of the Criminal Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2023).]

5.—(1) A person who, without lawful excuse, makes to another a threat, by any means intending the other to believe it will be carried out, to kill or cause serious harm to that other or a third person shall be guilty of an offence.

(2) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable—

(a) on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or

(b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years or to both.

6.—(1) A person who—

(a) injures another by piercing the skin of that other with a syringe, or

(b) threatens to so injure another with a syringe,

with the intention of or where there is a likelihood of causing that other to believe that he or she may become infected with disease as a result of the injury caused or threatened shall be guilty of an offence.

(2) A person who—

(a) sprays, pours or puts onto another blood or any fluid or substance resembling blood, or

(b) threatens to spray, pour or put onto another blood or any fluid or substance resembling blood,

with the intention of or where there is a likelihood of causing that other to believe that he or she may become infected with disease as a result of the action caused or threatened shall be guilty of an offence.

(3) A person who in committing or attempting to commit an offence under subsection (1) or (2)—

(a) injures a third person with a syringe by piercing his or her skin, or

(b) sprays, pours or puts onto a third person blood or any fluid or substance resembling blood,

resulting in the third person believing that he or she may become infected with disease as a result of the injury or action caused shall be guilty of an offence.

(4) A person guilty of an offence under subsection (1), (2) or (3) shall be liable—

(a) on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or

(b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years or to both.

(5) (a) A person who intentionally injures another by piercing the skin of that other with a contaminated syringe shall be guilty of an offence.

(b) A person who intentionally sprays, pours or puts onto another contaminated blood shall be guilty of an offence.

(c) A person who in committing or attempting to commit an offence under paragraph (a) or (b)—

(i) injures a third person with a contaminated syringe by piercing his or her skin, or

(ii) sprays, pours or puts onto a third person contaminated blood,

shall be guilty of an offence.

(d) A person guilty of an offence under this subsection shall be liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for life.

7.—(1) A person who has with him or her in any place—

(a) a syringe, or

(b) any blood in a container,

intended by him or her unlawfully to cause or threaten to cause injury to or to intimidate another shall be guilty of an offence.

(2) A member of the Garda Síochána who has reasonable cause to suspect that a person has with him or her in a public place a syringe, or any blood in a container intended by him or her unlawfully to cause or to threaten to cause injury to or to intimidate another, may stop and question and if necessary (if need be by using reasonable force) search such person and the member may seize and detain any syringe or such container found on the person or in the immediate vicinity of the person, unless the person gives to the member reasonable excuse for having the syringe or container with him or her, and, where a syringe or such a container is so found, require the name and address of the person.

(3) A member of the Garda Síochána may arrest without warrant a person who—

(a) fails to stop when required under subsection (2), or

(b) fails or refuses to give his or her name or address when required under subsection (2) or gives a name or address which the member has reasonable cause to believe is false or misleading, or

(c) obstructs or attempts to obstruct the member or any person accompanying that member in the carrying out of the member's duties under subsection (2).

(4) A person who, without reasonable excuse, fails to stop or fails to give his or her name or address when required to under subsection (2) or gives a name or address which is false or misleading or obstructs or interferes with a member of the Garda Síochána acting under that subsection shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months, or to both.

(5) In a prosecution for an offence under subsection (1), it shall not be necessary for the prosecution to allege or prove that the intent to threaten or cause injury to or intimidate was intent to threaten or cause injury to or intimidate a particular person; and if, having regard to all the circumstances (including the contents of the syringe, if any, the time of the day or night, and the place), the court (or the jury as the case may be) thinks it reasonable to do so, it shall regard possession of the syringe or container as sufficient evidence of intent in the absence of any adequate explanation by the accused.

(6) In this section “blood” includes any fluid or substance resembling blood.

(7) A person guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall be liable—

(a) on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or

(b) on conviction on indictment, to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years or to both.

8.—(1) Subject to subsection (3), a person who places or abandons a syringe in any place in such a manner that it is likely to injure another and does injure another or is likely to injure, cause a threat to or frighten another shall be guilty of an offence.

(2) A person who intentionally places a contaminated syringe in any place in such a manner that it injures another shall be guilty of an offence.

(3) Subsection (1) does not apply to a person placing a syringe in any place whilst administering or assisting in lawful medical, dental or veterinary procedures.

(4) In a prosecution for an offence under subsection (1) where it is alleged a syringe is placed in a place being a private dwelling at which the accused normally resides, it shall be a defence for the accused to show that he or she did not intentionally place the syringe in such a manner that it injured or was likely to injure or cause a threat to or frighten another, as the case may be.

(5) A person guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall be liable—

(a) on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or

(b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years or to both.

(6) A person guilty of an offence under subsection (2) shall be liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for life.

9.—(1) A person who, with a view to compel another to abstain from doing or to do any act which that other has a lawful right to do or to abstain from doing, wrongfully and without lawful authority—

(a) uses violence to or intimidates that other person or a member of the family F4[or the civil partner within the meaning of the Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010] of the other, or

(b) injures or damages the property of that other, or

(c) persistently follows that other about from place to place, or

(d) watches or besets the premises or other place where that other resides, works or carries on business, or happens to be, or the approach to such premises or place, or

(e) follows that other with one or more other persons in a disorderly manner in or through any public place,

shall be guilty of an offence.

(2) For the purpose of this section attending at or near the premises or place where a person resides, works, carries on business or happens to be, or the approach to such premises or place, in order merely to obtain or communicate information, shall not be deemed a watching or besetting within the meaning of subsection (l) (d).

(3) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable—

(a) on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or

(b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 5 years or to both.

F5[10.—(1) A person shall be guilty of the offence of harassment where—

(a) the person, without lawful authority or reasonable excuse, persistently, by his or her acts, intentionally or recklessly, at the time when the acts occur or when the other becomes aware of them—

(i) seriously interferes with another’s peace and privacy, or

(ii) causes alarm, distress or harm to the other,

and

(b) the person’s acts are such that a reasonable person would realise that the acts would seriously interfere with the other’s peace and privacy or cause alarm, distress or harm to the other, at the time when the acts occurred or when the other becomes aware of them.

(2) A person shall be guilty of the offence of stalking where—

(a) the person, without lawful authority or reasonable excuse, by his or her acts, intentionally or recklessly causes another, at the time when the acts occur or when the other becomes aware of them—

(i) to fear that violence will be used against him or her or another person connected to him or her, or

(ii) serious alarm or distress that has a substantial adverse impact on his or her usual day-to-day activities,

and

(b) the person’s acts are such that a reasonable person would realise that the acts would cause the other, at the time when the acts occur or when the other becomes aware of them, to fear that violence will be used against him or her or another person connected to him or her, or serious alarm or distress that has a substantial adverse impact on his or her usual day-to-day activities.

(3) Without prejudice to the generality of subsections (1) and (2), the acts referred to in those subsections include the following:

(a) following, watching, monitoring, tracking or spying upon a person;

(b) pestering a person;

(c) impersonating a person;

(d) communicating with or about a person;

(e) purporting to act or communicate on behalf of a person;

(f) disclosing to other persons private information in respect of a person;

(g) interfering with the property (including pets) of a person;

(h) loitering in the vicinity of a person;

(i) causing, without the consent of the person, an electronic communication or information system operated by a person to function in a particular way;

(j) breaching a court order—

(i) made pursuant to this section F6[or Part 5 of the Criminal Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2023], or

(ii) otherwise restraining the person from communicating with or about the other person or, within such distance as is specified in the order, approaching the other or the place of residence, education or employment of the other person.

(4) Where a person is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) or (2), the court may, in addition to or as an alternative to any other penalty, order that the person shall not, for such period as the court may specify, communicate by any means with or about the other person or that the person shall not approach within such distance as the court shall specify of the place of residence, education or employment of the other person.

(5) An order under subsection (4) shall be in writing.

(6) A copy of an order under subsection (4) shall be given to—

(a) the person against whom the order is made ("the subject of the order"),

(b) the other person, referred to in subsection (4),

(c) the member of the Garda Síochána in charge of the Garda Síochána station for the area in which the person referred to in paragraph (b) resides, and

(d) if the subject of the order is sentenced to a period of imprisonment, the person for the time being in charge of the place where the subject of the order is, or is to be, imprisoned.

(7) The validity of an order under subsection (4) shall not be affected by non-compliance with subsection (6).

(8) A person who fails to comply with the terms of an order under subsection (4) shall be guilty of an offence.

(9) A person guilty of an offence under subsection (1), (2) or (8) shall be liable—

(a) on summary conviction to a class A fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months, or to both, or

(b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or a term of imprisonment not exceeding 10 years, or to both.

(10) Without prejudice to any other enactment or rule of law, a court shall, in determining the sentence to be imposed on a person for an offence under this section, treat as an aggravating factor the fact that the person has previously been convicted of an offence against the other person or a person connected with the other person.

(11) Subject to subsections (12) and (13), where subsection (10) applies the court shall impose a sentence which is greater than that which would have been imposed in the absence of such factor.

(12) Subsection (10) shall not apply where the court considers that there are exceptional circumstances justifying it not applying that subsection.

(13) The sentence imposed as a result of the application of subsection (10) shall not be greater than the maximum sentence permissible for the offence concerned.

(14) A person charged with an offence under subsection (2) may, if the evidence does not warrant a conviction for that offence but warrants a conviction under subsection (1), be found guilty of an offence under subsection (1).

(15) A reference in subsection (10) to an offence against a person includes a reference to an offence involving damage of the property of the person.]

10A.—(1) Subject to this section, a person (other than the alleged victim) who, where a person is charged with an offence under section 10, publishes or broadcasts identifying material shall be guilty of an offence.

(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply where the alleged victim consents in court to being identified.

(3) The court in which proceedings for the offence are brought may, where satisfied that it is in the interests of justice to do so, direct that such information, photograph, depiction or other representation to which subsection (1) applies as the court may specify may be published or broadcast in such manner, and subject to such conditions, as may be specified in the direction.

(4) Before giving a direction under subsection (3), the court shall take into account—

(a) the views of the alleged victim, and

(b) the nature or circumstances of the case, and in particular the effect of the publication or broadcast concerned on the alleged victim.

(5) A direction given under subsection (3) shall be in writing.

(6) A person who contravenes the terms of a direction given under subsection (3) shall be guilty of an offence.

(7) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) or (6) is liable—

(a) on summary conviction to a class B fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months, or both, or

(b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or both.

(8) It shall be a defence for a person who is charged with an offence under subsection (1) or (6) to prove that at the time of the alleged offence the person was not aware, and neither suspected nor had reason to suspect—

(a) in the case of an offence under subsection (1), that the information, photograph, depiction or other representation published or broadcast was identifying information, or

(b) in the case of an offence under subsection (6), that the information, photograph, depiction or other representation was published or broadcast in contravention of the terms of a direction given under subsection (3).

(9) This section is without prejudice to any other enactment or rule of law that operates to prohibit the publication or broadcast of identifying material.

(10) In this section—

"alleged victim", in relation to an offence under section 10, means the alleged victim of that offence;

"broadcast" has the same meaning as it has in the Broadcasting and Other Media Regulation Acts 2009 and 2022;

"identifying material", in relation to an offence under section 10, means—

(a) information, or

(b) a photograph, depiction or other representation of the physical likeness of the alleged victim,

that is likely to enable the identification of the alleged victim;

"publish" means publish, other than by way of broadcast, to the public or a portion of the public.]

11.—(1) A person who makes any demand for payment of a debt shall be guilty of an offence if—

(a) the demands by reason of their frequency are calculated to subject the debtor or a member of the family F8[or the civil partner within the meaning of the Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010] of the debtor to alarm, distress or humiliation, or

(b) the person falsely represents that criminal proceedings lie for non-payment of the debt, or

(c) the person falsely represents that he or she is authorised in some official capacity to enforce payment, or

(d) the person utters a document falsely represented to have an official character.

(2) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500.

12.—(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence if, knowing that the other does not consent to what is being done, he or she intentionally or recklessly administers to or causes to be taken by another a substance which he or she knows to be capable of interfering substantially with the other's bodily functions.

(2) For the purpose of this section a substance capable of inducing unconsciousness or sleep is capable of interfering substantially with bodily functions.

(3) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable—

(a) on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or

(b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 years or to both.

13.—(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence who intentionally or recklessly engages in conduct which creates a substantial risk of death or serious harm to another.

(2) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable—

(a) on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or

(b) on conviction on indictment, to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years or to both.

14.—(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence who—

(a) intentionally places or throws any dangerous obstruction upon a railway, road, street, waterway or public place or interferes with any machinery, signal, equipment or other device for the direction, control or regulation of traffic thereon, or interferes with or throws anything at or on any conveyance used or to be used thereon, and

(b) is aware that injury to the person or damage to property may be caused thereby, or is reckless in that regard.

(2) In this section—

“conveyance” means any conveyance constructed or adapted for the carriage of a person or persons or of goods by land or water;

“railway” means a railway, a tramway, or a light railway or any part of a railway, tramway or light railway;

“waterway” means any route upon water used by any conveyance.

(3) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable—

(a) on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to S.14 imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or

(b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years or to both.

15.—(1) A person shall be guilty of the offence of false imprisonment who intentionally or recklessly—

(a) takes or detains, or

(b) causes to be taken or detained, or

(c) otherwise restricts the personal liberty of,

another without that other's consent.

(2) For the purposes of this section, a person acts without the consent of another if the person obtains the other's consent by force or threat of force, or by deception causing the other to believe that he or she is under legal compulsion to consent.

(3) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable—

(a) on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or

(b) on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for life.

16.—(1) A person to whom this section applies shall be guilty of an offence, who takes, sends or keeps a child under the age of 16 years out of the State or causes a child under that age to be so taken, sent or kept—

(a) in defiance of a court order, or

(b) without the consent of each person who is a parent, or guardian or person to whom custody of the child has been granted by a court unless the consent of a court was obtained.

(2) This section applies to a parent, guardian or a person to whom custody of the child has been granted by a court but does not apply to a parent who is not a guardian of the child.

(3) It shall be a defence to a charge under this section that the defendant—

(a) has been unable to communicate with the persons referred to in subsection (1) (b) but believes they would consent if they were aware of the relevant circumstances; or

(b) did not intend to deprive others having rights of guardianship or custody in relation to the child of those rights.

(4) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable—

(a) on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or

(b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years or to both.

(5) Any proceedings under this section shall not be instituted except by or with the consent of the Director of Public Prosecutions.

17.—(1) A person, other than a person to whom section 16 applies, shall be guilty of an offence who, without lawful authority or reasonable excuse, intentionally takes or detains a child under the age of 16 years or causes a child under that age to be so taken or detained—

(a) so as to remove the child from the lawful control of any person having lawful control of the child; or

(b) so as to keep him or her out of the lawful control of any person entitled to lawful control of the child.

(2) It shall be a defence to a charge under this section that the defendant believed that the child had attained the age of 16 years.

(3) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable—

(a) on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £1,500 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both, or

(b) on conviction on indictment to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years or to both.

18.—(1) The use of force by a person for any of the following purposes, if only such as is reasonable in the circumstances as he or she believes them to be, does not constitute an offence—

(a) to protect himself or herself or a member of the family of that person or another from injury, assault or detention caused by a criminal act; or

(b) to protect himself or herself or (with the authority of that other) another from trespass to the person; or

(c) to protect his or her property from appropriation, destruction or damage caused by a criminal act or from trespass or infringement; or

(d) to protect property belonging to another from appropriation, destruction or damage caused by a criminal act or (with the authority of that other) from trespass or infringement; or

(e) to prevent crime or a breach of the peace.

(2) “use of force” in subsection (1) is defined and extended by section 20.

F9[(3) For the purposes of this section an act is "criminal" notwithstanding that the person doing the act—

(a) if charged with an offence in respect of it, would be acquitted on the ground that—

(i) he or she acted under duress,

(ii) his or her act was involuntary,

(iii) he or she was in a state of intoxication, or

(iv) he or she was insane so as not to be responsible according to law for the act,

or

(b) was a person to whom section 52(1) of the Children Act 2001 applied.]

(4) The references in subsection (1) to protecting a person and property from anything include protecting the person or property from its continuing; and the reference to preventing crime or a breach of the peace shall be similarly construed.

(5) For the purposes of this section the question whether the act against which force is used is of a kind mentioned in any of the paragraphs (a) to (e) of subsection (1) shall be determined according to the circumstances as the person using the force believes them to be.

(6) Notwithstanding subsection (1), a person who believes circumstances to exist which would justify or excuse the use of force under that subsection has no defence if he or she knows that the force is used against a member of the Garda Síochána acting in the course of the member's duty or a person so assisting such member, unless he or she believes the force to be immediately necessary to prevent harm to himself or herself or another.

(7) The defence provided by this section does not apply to a person who causes conduct or a state of affairs with a view to using force to resist or terminate it:

But the defence may apply although the occasion for the use of force arises only because the person does something he or she may lawfully do, knowing that such an occasion will arise.

(8) Property shall be treated for the purposes of subsection (1) (c) and (d) as belonging to any person—

(a) having the custody or control of it;

(b) having in it any proprietary right or interest (not being an equitable interest arising only from an agreement to transfer or grant an interest); or

(c) having a charge on it;

and where property is subject to a trust, the persons to whom it belongs shall be treated as including any person having a right to enforce the trust.

Property of a corporation sole shall be treated for the purposes of the aforesaid provisions as belonging to the corporation notwithstanding a vacancy in the corporation.

F10[(9) In subsection (3) "intoxication" means being under the intoxicating influence of any alcoholic drink, drug, solvent or any other substance or combination of substances.]

19.—(1) The use of force by a person in effecting or assisting in a lawful arrest, if only such as is reasonable in the circumstances as he or she believes them to be, does not constitute an offence.

(2) “use of force” in subsection (1) is defined and extended by section 20.

(3) For the purposes of this section the question as to whether the arrest is lawful shall be determined according to the circumstances as the person using the force believed them to be.

20.—(1) For the purposes of sections 18 and 19—

(a) a person uses force in relation to another person or property not only when he or she applies force to, but also where he or she causes an impact on, the body of that person or that property;

(b) a person shall be treated as using force in relation to another person if—

(i) he or she threatens that person with its use, or

(ii) he or she detains that person without actually using it; and

(c) a person shall be treated as using force in relation to property if he or she threatens a person with its use in relation to property.

(2) Sections 18 and 19 shall apply in relation to acts immediately preparatory to the use of force as they apply in relation to acts in which force is used.

(3) A threat of force may be reasonable although the actual use of force may not be.

(4) The fact that a person had an opportunity to retreat before using force shall be taken into account, in conjunction with other relevant evidence, in determining whether the use of force was reasonable.

21.—Section 6(2) of the Criminal Damage Act, 1991, is hereby amended by the substitution for paragraph (c) of the following paragraph:

22.—(1) The provisions of this Act have effect subject to any enactment or rule of law providing a defence, or providing lawful authority, justification or excuse for an act or omission.

(2) Notwithstanding subsection (1) any defence available under the common law in respect of the use of force within the meaning of section 18 or 19, or an act immediately preparatory to the use of force, for the purposes mentioned in section 18(1) or 19(1) is hereby abolished.

23.—(1) The consent of a minor who has attained the age of 16 years to any surgical, medical or dental treatment which, in the absence of consent, would constitute a trespass to his or her person, shall be as effective as it would be if he or she were of full age; and where a minor has by virtue of this section given an effective consent to any treatment it shall not be necessary to obtain any consent for it from his or her parent or guardian.

(2) In this section “surgical, medical or dental treatment” includes any procedure undertaken for the purposes of diagnosis, and this section applies to any procedure (including, in particular, the administration of an anaesthetic) which is ancillary to any treatment as it applies to that treatment.

(3) Nothing in this section shall be construed as making ineffective any consent which would have been effective if this section had not been enacted.

24.—The rule of law under which teachers are immune from criminal liability in respect of physical chastisement of pupils is hereby abolished.

24A.—(1) The common law defence of reasonable chastisement is abolished.

(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply in respect of proceedings brought against a person for an offence consisting in whole or in part of any act done by the person before the commencement of section 28 of the Children First Act 2015, whether those proceedings were brought before, on or after such commencement.

(3) This section shall not affect the operation of section 24.]

F12[25.—(1) In any proceedings for an offence alleging the causing of harm or serious harm to a person, the production of a certificate purporting to be signed by a registered medical practitioner and relating to—

(a) an examination of that person by the registered medical practitioner,

(b) an examination of that person by another person who was acting under the supervision, or was otherwise subject to the authority, of the registered medical practitioner, or

(c) the medical assessment by the registered medical practitioner of the medical records relating to an examination of that person,

shall, unless the contrary is proved, be evidence of any fact or opinion (including an opinion in relation to the source or effect of, or a prognosis in respect of, harm or serious harm to the person) thereby certified without proof of any signature thereon or that any such signature is that of such registered medical practitioner.

(2) A certificate to which subsection (1) applies shall include a statement as to which paragraph of that subsection applies to the registered medical practitioner who signs the certificate.

(3) In this section, "registered medical practitioner" means a person who is a registered medical practitioner within the meaning of section 2 of the Medical Practitioners Act 2007.]

26.—The Schedule to the Criminal Law (Jurisdiction) Act, 1976, is hereby amended—

(a) by the deletion, in paragraph 5, of “False imprisonment.”, and

(b) by the substitution for paragraph 7 of the following:

27.—The First Schedule to the Extradition (Amendment) Act, 1994, is hereby amended—

(a) by the deletion, in paragraph 4, of “False imprisonment.”,

(b) by the deletion, in paragraph 5, of “Assault occasioning actual bodily harm.”, and

(c) the substitution for paragraph 6 of the following:

28.—(1) The following common law offences are hereby abolished—

(a) assault and battery,

(b) assault occasioning actual bodily harm,

(c) kidnapping, and

(d) false imprisonment.

(2) The abolition of the common law offence of kidnapping shall not affect the operation of section 2 of, and paragraph 4 of the Schedule to, the Criminal Law (Jurisdiction) Act, 1976, and accordingly the said section 2 and the said Schedule shall have effect as if subsection (1) (c) had not been enacted.

29.—Section 9 of the Criminal Law Act, 1997, is hereby amended by the substitution for paragraph (a) of subsection (2) of the following paragraph:

30.—The Schedule to the Bail Act, 1997, is hereby amended by—

(a) the deletion in paragraph 3 of “Assault occasioning actual bodily harm.”,

(b) the deletion in paragraph 4 of “Kidnapping.”,

(c) the deletion in paragraph 5 of “False imprisonment.”, and

(d) the substitution for the matter contained in paragraph 7 of the following:

31.—Each enactment specified in column (2) of the Schedule to this Act is hereby repealed to the extent specified in column (3) of that Schedule.

32.—(1) This Act may be cited as the Non-Fatal Offences against the Person Act, 1997.

(2) This Act (other than sections 6, 7, 8 and 10) shall come into operation 3 months after the date of its passing.

(3) Sections 6, 7, 8 and 10 shall come into operation on the day after the date of the passing of this Act.