1.—This Act may be cited as the Maintenance Act, 1994.

2.—This Act shall come into operation on such day or days as the Minister shall fix by order or orders either generally or with reference to any particular purpose or provision and different days may be so fixed for different purposes and different provisions.

3.—(1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires—

F1[ ‘the 2007 Lugano Convention’ means the Convention on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters and the Protocols and Annexes thereto signed at Lugano on 30 October 2007; ]

“the Act of 1976” means the Family Law (Maintenance of Spouses and Children) Act, 1976;

F2[‘the Act of 1998’ means the Jurisdiction of Courts and Enforcement of Judgments Act, 1998;]

F3[‘the Act of 1995’ means the Family Law Act, 1995;]

F4[‘the Act of 1996’ means the Family Law (Divorce) Act, 1996;]

F5[ ‘the Brussels I Regulation’ means Council Regulation (EC) No. 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters;]

“the Central Authority” has the meaning assigned to it by section 4;

“court”, in relation to a jurisdiction other than the State, means any authority competent under the law of that jurisdiction to make an order for the recovery of maintenance;

“designated jurisdiction” has the meaning assigned to it by section 13;

“the Minister” means the Minister for Equality and Law Reform;

“the New York Convention” has the meaning assigned to it by section 13;

“reciprocating jurisdiction” has the meaning assigned to it by section 6;

“the Rome Convention” has the meaning assigned to it by section 6.

(2) In this Act a reference to a Part or section is to a Part or section of this Act, unless it is indicated that reference to some other enactment is intended.

(3) In this Act a reference to a subsection or paragraph is to the subsection or paragraph of the provision in which the reference occurs, unless it is indicated that reference to some other provision is intended.

(4) In this Act a reference to any enactment includes a reference to that enactment as amended or adapted by any other enactment including this Act.

(5) This Act is without prejudice to the provisions of the Maintenance Orders Act, 1974.

4.—(1) (a) The Minister may by order appoint a Central Authority (“the Central Authority”) to discharge the functions required of it under this Act or required of a central authority under the Rome Convention or of a transmitting agency or receiving agency under the New York Convention.

(b) Pending the appointment of a Central Authority the Minister shall discharge its functions, and references in this Act to the Central Authority shall be construed accordingly as references to the Minister.

(c) The Minister may by order amend or revoke an order made under this section.

(2) F6[(a) For the purposes of section 8 of the Enforcement of Court Orders Act 1940 (as amended by section 63 of the Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2011), the Acts of 1976, 1995, 1996 and 1998, the Brussels I Regulation, and the 2007 Lugano Convention, the Central Authority shall have authority to act on behalf of a maintenance creditor or of a claimant (as defined in section 13(1)), and references therein to a maintenance creditor or to such a claimant shall be construed as including references to that Authority.

(aa) In paragraph (a) ‘maintenance creditor’ means, in the context of the Brussels I Regulation or the 2007 Lugano Convention, a maintenance creditor referred to in Article 5(2) of that Regulation or Article 5(2) of that Convention. ]

(b) Where the Central Authority so acts, payments of maintenance shall be made directly to the maintenance creditor or claimant unless the Central Authority requests that they be made to a public authority in the jurisdiction where the maintanance creditor or claimant resides.

5.—This Part shall be construed as one with the F7[Jurisdiction of Courts and Enforcement of Judgments Act, 1998]F8[, the Brussels I Regulation and the 2007 Lugano Convention].

6.—(1) In this Part—

F9[‘the Brussels Convention’ means—

(a) the 1968 Convention, and

(b) the Accession Conventions,

as defined in the Act of 1998, and a reference to an Article of the Brussels Convention shall be construed as including a reference to the corresponding Article of the Lugano Convention;]

“central authority of a reciprocating jurisdiction” means—

(a) the central authority of such a jurisdiction which has been designated pursuant to paragraph 1 or, where appropriate, paragraph 2 of Article 2 of the Rome Convention, or

(b) an authority of such a jurisdiction with functions corresponding to those exercisable by the Central Authority within the State;

F9[‘the Lugano Convention’ has the meaning assigned to it by the Act of 1998;]

“maintenance creditor” includes any body which, under the law of a reciprocating jurisdiction, is entitled to exercise the rights of redress of, or to represent, the creditor;

F10[ ‘reciprocating jurisdiction’ means a Contracting State within the meaning of the Act of 1998 or, as appropriate, a Member State to which the Brussels I Regulation applies or a state bound by the 2007 Lugano Convention;]

“the Rome Convention” means the Convention between the member states of the European Communities on the simplification of procedures for the recovery of maintenance payments done at Rome on the 6th day of November, 1990, the text of which in the English language is set out, for convenience of reference, in the First Schedule to this Act.

(2) F11[(a) The Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade may by order declare that any Contracting State (as defined in sections 4(1) or 17(1) of the Act of 1998) or a state bound by the 2007 Lugano Convention specified in the order is a reciprocating jurisdiction.]

(b) An order that is in force under this subsection shall be evidence that any state specified in the order is a reciprocating jurisdiction.

(c) The Minister for Foreign Affairs may by order amend or revoke an order under this subsection.

(3) If a judgment or an instrument or settlement referred to in Article 50 or 51 of the Brussels Convention F12[, Article 57 or 58 of the Brussels I Regulation or Article 57 or 58 of the 2007 Lugano Convention] does not relate solely to maintenance, this Part shall apply only to those parts that relate to maintenance.

(4) A word or expression in this Part which is used in the Rome Convention has the same meaning as it has in that Convention and for this purpose the report by Mr. J. Martin and Mr. C. Ó hUiginn on the Convention, a copy of which has been placed in the Oireachtas Library, may be considered by any court when interpreting such word or expression and shall be given such weight as is appropriate in the circumstances.

7.—(1) The Central Authority may, on receipt of an application for the recognition or enforcement in the State of a maintenance order which has been transmitted by a central authority of a reciprocating jurisdiction, send the application to the Master of the High Court for determination F13[in accordance with section 7 of the Act of 1998]F14[, the Brussels I Regulation or the 2007 Lugano Convention].

(2) F15[In the case of an application under the Brussels Convention or the Lugano Convention the Master shall consider it] privately and shall make an enforcement order unless it appears to the Master from the application and accompanying documents or from the Master’s own knowledge that its recognition and enforcement are prohibited by the Brussels Convention or the Lugano Convention.

F14[(2A) In the case of an application under the Brussels I Regulation or the 2007 Lugano Convention the Master shall determine it in accordance with Regulation 4 of the European Communities (Civil and Commercial Judgments) Regulations 2002.]

(3) The Master shall cause the decision on the request to be brought to the notice of the Central Authority and, if an enforcement order has been made, shall cause notice thereof to be served on the maintenance debtor.

(4) (a) The notice to be served on a maintenance debtor under subsection (3) shall include a statement of the provisions of Article 36 (right of appeal against enforcement order) of the Brussels Convention F16[F14[, Article 43 of the Brussels I Regulation or Article 43 of the 2007 Lugano Convention], as appropriate].

(b) Service of the notice may be effected personally or in any manner in which service of a superior court document within the meaning of section 23 of the Courts Act, 1971, may be effected.

(5) The Master may—

(a) accept an application under subsection (1) F17[…] as having been transmitted by the central authority of the reciprocating jurisdiction concerned, and

(b) accept the documents accompanying the application, namely—

(i) a request that the application be processed in accordance with the provisions of the Rome Convention,

(ii) a letter delegating to the Central Authority authority to act, or cause action to be taken, on behalf of the maintenance creditor, including specific authority to enable enforcement proceedings to be taken,

(iii) a document containing the name, date of birth, nationality and description of the maintenance debtor and all other relevant information regarding the identity, whereabouts or location of the assets, of the maintenance debtor,

(iv) a document required under Article 46 or 47 of the Brussels Convention F18[F14[, Articles 53, 54 or 57 of the Brussels I Regulation or Articles 53, 54 or 57 of the 2007 Lugano Convention], as appropriate,] to be produced by a party seeking recognition or applying for enforcement of a judgment, and

(v) any translation of such a document,

as being such request, letter, document or translation, as the case may be.

(6) If any of the documents mentioned in subsection (5) (b) are not produced, the Master may allow time for their production, accept equivalent documents or, if the Master considers that there is sufficient information available, dispense with their production.

(7) F19[…]

8.—Subject to section 21 (4), in any proceedings under this Part, unless the court sees good reason to the contrary—

(a) a document purporting to be an application for the recognition or enforcement in the State of a maintenance order and to have been transmitted by a central authority of a reciprocating jurisdiction may be admitted as evidence that it is such an application and has been so transmitted, and

(b) a document purporting to be a document accompanying such an application and to be—

(i) a request that the application be processed in accordance with the provisions of the Rome Convention,

(ii) a letter delegating to the Central Authority authority to act, or cause action to be taken, on behalf of the maintenance creditor, including specific authority to enable enforcement proceedings to be taken, and

(iii) a document containing the name, date of birth, nationality and description of the maintenance debtor and all other relevant information regarding the identity, whereabouts, or location of the assets, of the maintenance debtor,

may be admitted as evidence of any matter to which it relates.

9.—F20[…]

10.—F20[…]

11.—F20[…]

12.—F20[…]

13.—(1) In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires—

“central authority of a designated jurisdiction” means—

(a) a transmitting agency or receiving agency in a state which is a contracting party to the New York Convention, or

(b) an authority of a designated jurisdiction with functions corresponding to those exercisable by the Central Authority within the State;

“claimant” means, according to the context, either—

(a) a person residing in a designated jurisdiction (including any body which under the law of that jurisdiction is entitled to exercise the rights of redress of, or to represent, that person) and claiming pursuant to this Part to be entitled to receive maintenance from a person residing in the State, or

(b) a person residing in the State (including a competent authority within the meaning of Part IX (Liability to Maintain Family) of the Social Welfare (Consolidation) Act, 1993) and claiming pursuant to this Part to be entitled to recover maintenance from a person residing in a designated jurisdiction;

“designated jurisdiction” means—

(a) any state which is a contracting party to the New York Convention, or

(b) any other state or jurisdiction which is declared by order of the Minister for Foreign Affairs to be a designated jurisdiction for the purposes of this Part;

“the New York Convention” means the Convention on the recovery abroad of maintenance done at New York on the 20th day of June, 1956, the text of which in the English language is set out, for convenience of reference, in the Second Schedule to this Act;

“respondent” means, according to the context, either—

(a) a person residing in the State from whom maintenance is sought to be recovered pursuant to this Part by a person residing in a designated jurisdiction, or

(b) a person residing in a designated jurisdiction from whom maintenance is sought to be recovered pursuant to this Part by a person residing in the State.

(2) (a) The Minister for Foreign Affairs may by order declare that any state or jurisdiction specified in the order is a designated jurisdiction.

(b) An order that is in force under this subsection shall be evidence that any state or jurisdiction specified in the order is a designated jurisdiction.

(c) The Minister for Foreign Affairs may by order amend or revoke an order under this subsection.

(3) Subject to subsection (1), a word or expression in this Part which is used in the New York Convention has the same meaning as it has in that Convention.

14.—(1) On receipt of a request by the Central Authority from a central authority of a designated jurisdiction on behalf of a claimant for the recovery of maintenance from a person for the time being residing in the State (“the respondent”) the Central Authority may—

F24[(a) if the request is accompanied by an order of a court in a Contracting State (as defined in the Act of 1998), transmit the request to the Master of the High Court for determination in accordance with section 7 of the Act of 1998 and Part II of this Act, and the other provisions of the Act of 1998 shall apply accordingly, with any necessary modifications,]

F25[(aa) if the request is accompanied by an order of a court of a Member State to which the Brussels I Regulation applies or by an order of a court of a state bound by the 2007 Lugano Convention, transmit the request to the Master of the High Court for determination in accordance with that Regulation or that Convention,]

(b) if the request is accompanied by an order made by any other court and the Central Authority is of opinion that the order may be enforceable in the State, apply to the District Court for the enforcement of the order, or

(c) if either the request is not accompanied by such an order or enforcement of the order is refused—

F26[(i) if the amount of the maintenance sought to be recovered exceeds the maximum amount which the District Court has jurisdiction to award under the Act of 1976 or the request is for a relief order (within the meaning of the Act of 1995) or a maintenance pending suit order, a periodical payments order, a secured periodical payments order or a lump sum order (within the meaning, in each case, of the Act of 1996), make an application to the Circuit Court,]

(ii) in any other case, make an application to the District Court,

for the recovery of maintenance in accordance with the request.

(2) The District Court, on an application to it under subsection (1) (b), may, if it considers that the order of the court in the designated jurisdiction for the recovery of maintenance is enforceable in the State, make an order for its enforcement and thereupon—

F27[(a) the order of the District Court shall be deemed to be an enforceable maintenance order as defined in the Act of 1998, and

(b) sections 8, 9 and 10 of that Act shall apply in relation to that order, with any necessary modifications.]

F28[(3) An application referred to in subsection (1) (c) shall be deemed to be an application for a maintenance order under section 5 or section 5A or 21A (inserted by the Status of Children Act, 1987) of the Act of 1976, or the appropriate order referred to in subsection (1) (c) (i), as may be appropriate, and to have been made on the date on which the request of the claimant for the recovery of maintenance was received by the Central Authority of the designated jurisdiction concerned.]

(4) The court, on an application to it under subsection (1) (c) may, subject to subsection (5)—

(a) take evidence from the respondent by way of affidavit or on sworn deposition,

(b) cause a copy of the affidavit or deposition to be sent to the Central Authority for transmission to the central authority of the designated jurisdiction with a request that the claimant provide an answering affidavit,

(c) send letters of request pursuant to section 17 for the taking of further evidence in a designated jurisdiction,

(d) take the evidence of the claimant or of any witness residing in a designated jurisdiction through a live television link,

F29[(e) pending the final determination of the application, make an interim order under section 7 of the Act of 1976 or an order under section 24 of the Act of 1995.]

(5) Where it appears to the court that the claimant or respondent bona fide desires to cross-examine a witness and the witness is available for the cross-examination, whether through a live television link or otherwise, the court shall decline to permit the evidence of the witness to be given by affidavit.

(6) Notice of an application under paragraph (b) or (c) of subsection (1) shall be given to the respondent by the Central Authority and shall be accompanied by a copy of the documents proposed to be given in evidence by the Central Authority at the hearing of the application.

(7) Where—

(a) on an application pursuant to subsection (1) (c) it is necessary to take the evidence of the claimant or of any witness through a live television link, and

(b) facilities for doing so are not available in the circuit or district court district concerned,

the court may by order transfer the proceedings to a circuit or district court district where those facilities are available.

(8) The provisions of this section shall also apply as appropriate to a request made to the Central Authority to vary or discharge an order made on an application under subsection (1) (c).

(9) Where an order of a court which accompanies a request referred to in subsection (1) includes provision for matters other than those relating to maintenance, this section shall apply to the order only in so far as it relates to maintenance.

F30[(9A) In subsections (1) (a) and (9) a reference to an order of, or made by, a court shall be construed as including a reference to—

F31[(a) an instrument or settlement within the meaning of the Brussels Convention, as defined in Part II, F32[the Brussels I Regulation or the 2007 Lugano Convention]]

(b) an arrangement relating to maintenance obligations concluded with or authenticated by an administrative authority, as referred to in Article 10 of the 1996 Accession Convention as defined in section 2 of the Act of 1998.]

(10) Section 8 and section 8A (inserted by the Status of Children Act, 1987) of the Act of 1976 shall apply and have effect in relation to any agreement in writing which contains a provision mentioned in paragraph (a) of either section and is made—

(a) between a claimant and respondent, notwithstanding that one of them may at the time of the making of the agreement be resident outside the State, and

(b) between a respondent and a person or body in the State where such a person or body has been authorised to enter into such an agreement on behalf of the claimant,

and an application may be made by the Central Authority to the Circuit Court under paragraph (b) of either section for an order making such an agreement a rule of court.

(11) The jurisdiction conferred by this section may be exercised—

(a) in the case of the Circuit Court, by the judge of the circuit, and

(b) in the case of the District Court, by the judge of the District Court assigned to the district court district,

in which the respondent resides or carries on any profession, business or occupation or, as the case may be, to which proceedings have been transferred under subsection (7).

15.—(1) A claimant who wishes to recover maintenance from a respondent residing in a designated jurisdiction may apply to the Central Authority to have the claim transmitted to the central authority in that jurisdiction notwithstanding the existence of a maintenance order made against the respondent by a court in the State.

(2) (a) Such a claimant may give evidence on sworn deposition before the District Court as to the facts relating to the claim, and the Court, if satisfied that the deposition sets forth facts from which it may be determined that the respondent concerned owes a duty to maintain the claimant, may certify accordingly.

(b) The district court clerk concerned shall give to the claimant a certified copy of the deposition and certificate.

(c) The jurisdiction conferred on the District Court by this subsection may be exercised by the judge of the District Court assigned to the district court district in which the claimant resides or carries on any profession, business or occupation.

(3) As respects an order for the recovery of maintenance or an order varying such an order made by a court in the State on the application of the claimant, the registrar or clerk of the court shall, at the request of the claimant and subject to any conditions that may be specified by rules of court, give to the claimant—

(a) a copy of the order duly authenticated,

(b) a certificate signed by the registrar or clerk stating—

(i) the date on which the time for lodging an appeal against the order will expire or, if it has expired, the date on which it expired,

(ii) whether notice of appeal against the order has been entered,

(iii) the amount of any arrears under the order, and

(iv) such other particulars (if any) as may be specified by rules of court, and

(c) in case the order was made in default of appearance, the original or a copy, certified by the registrar or clerk to be a true copy, of a document establishing that notice of the institution of proceedings was served on the respondent.

16.—Subject to section 21 (4), in any proceedings under this Part, unless the court sees good reason to the contrary—

(a) a document purporting to be an application by a claimant who is residing in a designated jurisdiction to the central authority of that jurisdiction for the recovery of maintenance from a respondent residing in the State, or for the variation or revocation of an order made on such an application, and to have been transmitted by that authority to the Central Authority may be admitted as evidence that it is such an application and has been so transmitted;

(b) a document purporting to be signed by or on behalf of the claimant and to authorise the Central Authority to act, or to appoint some other person to act, on behalf of the claimant may be admitted as evidence of such authorisation;

(c) a document purporting to be an order for the payment of maintenance by the respondent, or an order varying or discharging such an order, made by a court in a designated jurisdiction and to be signed by a judge, magistrate or officer of that court may be admitted as evidence that the order was so made and—

(i) that the respondent is liable to maintain the claimant and, where appropriate, a child of the claimant, and

(ii) that the claimant was resident or present in that jurisdiction at the date of the commencement of the relevant proceedings;

(d) a document purporting to be—

(i) a petition which has been filed in a court in a designated jurisdiction seeking an order for the recovery of maintenance against a person alleged in the petition to have a duty of support,

(ii) a certificate by a judge, magistrate or officer of that court to the effect that the petition sets forth facts from which it may be determined that the person owes such a duty of support,

may be admitted as evidence of the matters to which the document relates;

(e) a document purporting to be signed by a judge, magistrate or officer of a court in a designated jurisdiction and to be—

(i) a document setting out or summarising evidence given in proceedings in that court or evidence taken in that jurisdiction for the purpose of maintenance proceedings in that jurisdiction or elsewhere,

(ii) a document which has been received in evidence in proceedings in that court, or

(iii) if an order for the recovery of maintenance from the respondent has been made in default of the respondent’s appearance by a court in that jurisdiction, a document which establishes that notice of the institution of proceedings was served on the respondent,

may be admitted as evidence of the matters to which the document relates;

(f) a document purporting to be signed on behalf of a central authority of a designated jurisdiction and to certify that the request of a specified claimant for the recovery of maintenance from a specified respondent residing in the State was received by that central authority on a specified date may be admitted as evidence that the request was so received on that date.

17.—(1) A court may, for the purpose of any proceedings under this Part, address letters of request for further evidence, documentary or otherwise, either to the appropriate court of a designated jurisdiction or to any other authority or institution designated in that behalf by that jurisdiction.

(2) Letters of request under subsection (1) may also be sent to the Central Authority for transmission to the court, authority or institution concerned.

18.—Where the Central Authority has received a request under this Part from a central authority of a designated jurisdiction for the recovery of maintenance, the High Court may, on application to it by the Central Authority, grant provisional, including protective, measures of any kind that the Court has power to grant in proceedings that are within its jurisdiction.

19.—(1) Where a request is made to the Central Authority by or on behalf of a court in a designated jurisdiction (“the requesting authority”) to obtain the evidence of a person residing in the State for the purposes of any proceedings in that jurisdiction for the recovery of maintenance the provisions of this section shall have effect.

(2) If the request is in order the Central Authority shall refer the request to the Master of the High Court, who shall request a judge of the District Court to take the evidence.

(3) The judge shall cause notice of the time and place at which evidence is to be taken to be given to the person concerned, to the Central Authority for communication to the requesting authority, to the Master of the High Court and to such other persons as the judge thinks fit.

(4) The judge shall take the evidence and cause a record thereof to be sent to the Central Authority for transmission to the requesting authority.

(5) If it is not possible to take the evidence within four months of the receipt of the request by the Central Authority, the judge shall cause the reasons for the non-execution of the request or for the delay in executing it to be sent to the Central Authority for transmission to the requesting authority.

(6) The judge shall have the same powers in relation to compelling the attendance of persons and the production of documents and in relation to the taking of evidence as the District Court has on the hearing of an action.

(7) Where any person, not being a party to proceedings referred to in subsection (1), attends pursuant to a request under that subsection, the judge may order that there shall be paid to that person out of public funds such sum by way of expenses as the District Court may order to be paid in respect of a witness on the hearing of an action.

(8) If the Central Authority or the judge is of the view that the authenticity of the request is not established or that the execution of the request would compromise the sovereignty or safety of the State the execution of the request shall not be proceeded with.

(9) Where the requesting authority makes a request for the taking of evidence directly to a court in the State—

(a) if that court is the District Court, the evidence shall be taken by a judge of that Court, and

(b) in any other case, the court addressed may refer the request to the Master of the High Court,

and this section shall apply in relation to such a request with the necessary modifications.

20.—F33[(1) The Central Authority may, for the purposes of obtaining any information that is necessary or expedient for the performance of its functions, require any holder of a public office or body financed wholly or partly by means of moneys provided by the Oireachtas to provide it with any information in the possession or procurement of the holder or body as to the whereabouts, place of work, or location and extent of the assets, of a person who is liable to make payments under a maintenance order (the maintenance debtor) or respondent, and the holder or body shall, as soon as practicable, comply with the requirement. ]

(2) If the District Court, on application to it by the Central Authority, is of opinion that any person or body (not being a person or body mentioned in subsection (1)) is likely to have information as to the matters referred to in that subsection and that the Central Authority requires the information for the purposes so referred to, the Court may order that person or body to provide it to the Central Authority within such period as may be specified in the order.

(3) The jurisdiction conferred on the District Court by subsection (2) may be exercised by the judge of the District Court for the time being assigned to the district court district in which the person or body to whom the order sought is to be directed resides or carries on any profession, business or occupation.

21.—(1) Subject to subsection (4), in any proceedings under Part II or III, unless the court sees good reason to the contrary, a document—

(a) purporting to be signed by a judge, magistrate or officer of a court in a reciprocating jurisdiction or designated jurisdiction and to be a statement of arrears under an order of that court for the recovery of maintenance, or

(b) purporting to be—

(i) a tax assessment or other statement or certificate relating to tax,

(ii) a statement or certificate of earnings,

(iii) a medical certificate,

(iv) a statement or certificate that a person was employed or was unemployed for a specified period,

(v) a letter written by a party to maintenance proceedings who is residing in a reciprocating jurisdiction or designated jurisdiction,

(vi) an affidavit or other document made or signed by such a party, or a witness, residing in such a jurisdiction,

(vii) a document establishing a marital relationship between parties to such proceedings or a relationship between the parties, or one of the parties, and a child for whom maintenance is sought in the proceedings, or

(viii) a document establishing that a person or body is entitled to exercise, under the law of the state in which that party resides, the rights of the party seeking maintenance,

may, unless the contrary is proved, be admitted as evidence that it is such a document and as evidence of any matter to which it relates subject to such authentication, if any, as the court may require.

(2) A document purporting to be—

(a) a translation of a document mentioned in subsection (1) or in section 8 or 16, and

(b) certified as correct by a person competent to do so,

may be admitted as evidence of any matter to which it relates.

(3) (a) Where a document is admissible in evidence by virtue of subsection (1) or of section 8 or 16, it may be given in evidence, whether or not the document is still in existence, by producing a copy of the document, or of the material part of it, authenticated in such manner as the court may approve.

(b) It is immaterial for the purposes of paragraph (a) how many removes there are between the copy and the original or by what means (which may include facsimile transmission) the copy produced or any intermediate copy was made.

(4) In estimating in the weight (if any) to be attached to a statement in a document admitted in evidence by virtue of subsection (1) or of section 8 or 16, regard shall be had to any other evidence available to the court and to any circumstances from which any inference can reasonably be drawn as to the accuracy or otherwise of the statement, including (except in the case of a court order or a certificate or other document prepared by or on behalf of a court or public authority) the question whether the maker of the statement had any incentive to conceal or misrepresent facts and whether or not it was made on oath.

22.—Recognition or enforcement of an order (other than a provisional order) for recovery of maintenance made by a court in a jurisdiction other than the State may not be refused—

(a) by reason only of the fact that the court which made the order had power to vary or revoke it, or

(b) on the ground that, under the rules of private international law of the State, the court concerned had not jurisdiction by reason of the fact that the respondent was not resident or present in that jurisdiction at the date of the commencement of the relevant proceedings, provided that at that date the claimant was resident there.

23.—(1) An amount payable in the State under an order for recovery of maintenance which is made by a court in a jurisdiction other than the State and is enforceable in the State shall be paid in the currency of the State and, if the amount is stated in the order in a currency other than the currency of the State, the payment shall be made on the basis of the exchange rate prevailing, on the date of the making of an order by a court in the State for the enforcement of the order, between that currency and the currency of the State.

(2) For the purposes of this section, a certificate purporting to be signed by an officer of a bank in the State and to state the exchange rate prevailing on a specified date between a specified currency and the currency of the State shall be evidence of the facts stated in the certificate.

(3) In this section “bank” means the holder of a banker’s licence within the meaning of the Central Bank Act, 1989.

24.—Nothing in this Act shall prevent the recognition or enforcement of an order for recovery of maintenance which is made in a reciprocating jurisdiction or designated jurisdiction and which, apart from this Act, would be recognised or enforceable in the State.

25.—The expenses incurred in the administration of this Act shall, to such extent as may be sanctioned by the Minister for Finance, be paid out of moneys provided by the Oireachtas.