Civil Service Regulation Act 1956

Number 46 of 1956

CIVIL SERVICE REGULATION ACT 1956

REVISED

Updated to 1 December 2024

This Revised Act is an administrative consolidation of the Civil Service Regulation Act 1956. It is prepared by the Law Reform Commission in accordance with its function under the Law Reform Commission Act 1975 (3/1975) to keep the law under review and to undertake revision and consolidation of statute law.

All Acts up to and including the Family Courts Act 2024 (48/2024), enacted 13 November 2024, and all statutory instruments up to and including the European Union (Renewable Energy) Regulations 2024 (S.I. No. 665 of 2024), made 2 December 2024, were considered in the preparation of this Revised Act.

Disclaimer: While every care has been taken in the preparation of this Revised Act, the Law Reform Commission can assume no responsibility for and give no guarantees, undertakings or warranties concerning the accuracy, completeness or up to date nature of the information provided and does not accept any liability whatsoever arising from any errors or omissions. Please notify any errors, omissions and comments by email to

revisedacts@lawreform.ie.


Number 46 of 1956


CIVIL SERVICE REGULATION ACT 1956

REVISED

Updated to 1 December 2024


ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS


Number 46 of 1956.


CIVIL SERVICE REGULATION ACT 1956

REVISED

Updated to 1 December 2024


AN ACT TO MAKE PROVISION IN RELATION TO THE REGULATION, CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF THE CIVIL SERVICE. [19th December, 1956.]

BE IT ENACTED BY THE OIREACHTAS AS FOLLOWS:—

Annotations

Modifications (not altering text):

C1

Prospective affecting provision: application of Act restricted by Screening of Third Country Transactions Act 2023 (28/2023), s. 22(11), not commenced as of date of revision.

Appointment of adjudicators

22. (1) The Minister—

(a) may, in accordance with this section, appoint such and so many persons (in this Act referred to as “adjudicators”) to carry out the functions assigned to them by this Act, and

...

(11) The Civil Service Regulation Acts 1956 to 2005 shall not apply to an adjudicator.

C2

Partially prospective affecting provision: application of Act restricted by Personal Injuries Assessment Board Act 2003 (46/2003), s. 18D(7), as inserted (14.12.2023, 8.05.2024) by Personal Injuries Resolution Board Act 2022 (42/2022), s. 9, S.I. No. 626 of 2023, S.I. No. 187 of 2024, commenced in respect of certain classes of civil action ONLY.

[Appointment of mediators

18D. (1) The Board may from time to time appoint such and so many persons, not being members of staff of the Board, as it considers appropriate to carry out the mediation functions assigned to them by the Board.

...

(7) Neither the Public Service Management (Recruitment and Appointments) Act 2004 nor the Civil Service Regulation Acts 1956 to 2005 shall apply to a person appointed under this section.]

C3

Application of Act restricted (22.08.2024) by Control of Exports Act 2023 (27/2023), s. 39(12), S.I. No. 412 of 2024.

Appointment of adjudicators

39. (1) The Minister—

(a) may, in accordance with this section, appoint such and so many persons (in this Act referred to as “adjudicators”) to carry out the functions assigned to them by this Act, and

...

(12) The Civil Service Regulation Acts 1956 to 2005 shall not apply to an adjudicator.

C4

Application of collective cited Civil Service Regulation Acts restricted (27.09.2023) by Competition Act 2002 (Adjudication Officers) Regulations 2023 (S.I. No. 476 of 2023), art. 33(5).

Assessors

29. (1) Where an assessment is required under Regulation 7, 11 or 24, the relevant Minister shall, in writing, appoint a person (in this Regulation referred to as an “assessor”) to carry out such an assessment–

...

Terms of appointment of assessor

33.

(5) Neither the Public Service Management (Recruitment and Appointments) Act 2004 (No. 33 of 2004) nor the Civil Service Regulation Acts 1956 to 2005 shall apply to a person appointed as an assessor, save to the extent that such enactments apply to the person independently to their appointment as an assessor.

C5

Application of Act extended (30.07.2021) by Parole Act 2019 (28/2019), s. 17(5), S.I. No. 405 of 2021.

Staff of Board

17. (1) The Minister may appoint such and so many of his or her officers as he or she may determine to be members of staff of the Board.

...

(5) Appointments under this section shall be subject to the Public Service Management (Recruitment and Appointments) Act 2004 and the Civil Service Regulation Acts 1956 to 2005.

C6

Application of Act extended (1.01.2018) by Financial Services and Pensions Ombudsman Act 2017 (22/2017), s. 15(2)(b), S.I. No. 524 of 2017.

Staff of Ombudsman

15. (1) Subject to subsection (4), the Ombudsman may appoint persons to be the staff of his or her office and may determine their duties.

(2) Appointments under subsection (1) shall be subject to—

...

(b) the Civil Service Regulation Acts 1956 to 2005.

C7

Application of Act restricted (1.06.2017) by Road Traffic Act 2010 (25/2010), s. 42(1)(c), S.I. No. 241 of 2017.

Traffic wardens.

42.— (1) (a) The Minister may authorise in writing such and so many persons as he or she may determine to perform the functions conferred on traffic wardens by this Part

...

(c) Neither the Civil Service Commissioners Act 1956 nor the Civil Service Regulation Act 1956 apply to the position of traffic warden.

C8

Application of Act extended (1.10.2015) by Workplace Relations Act 2015 (16/2015), s. 24(5), S.I. No. 410 of 2015.

Staff of Commission

24. (1) The Minister shall appoint such and so many of his or her officers as he or she may determine to be members of staff of the Commission.

...

(5) Appointments under this section shall be subject to the Act of 2004 and the Civil Service Regulation Acts 1956 to 2005.

C9

Application of Act restricted by Industrial Relations Act 1969 (14/1969), s. 4(7), as substituted (1.08.2015) by Workplace Relations Act 2015 (16/2015), s. 79(e), S.I. No. 338 of 2015.

Deputy chairman of the Court.

4.— ...

[(7) The Civil Service Regulation Acts 1956 to 2005 shall not apply to the office of deputy chairman of the Court.]

C10

Application of Act extended (16.07.2014) by Industrial Development (Forfás Dissolution) Act 2014 (13/2014), s. 24(9), S.I. No. 304 of 2014.

Transfer of certain members of staff of Forfás

24. (1)(a) Subject to paragraph (b), every person who immediately before the dissolution day is a member of staff of Forfás shall on such day hold an unestablished position in the Civil Service.

...

(9) A person referred to in subsection (1) shall be subject to and employed in accordance with the Civil Service Regulation Acts 1956 to 2005 and the Ethics in Public Office Acts 1995 and 2001.

...

C11

Application of Act extended by Public Service Management (Recruitment and Appointments) Act 2004 (33/2004), s. 57C(8), as inserted (24.12.2013) by Public Service Management (Recruitment and Appointments) (Amendment) Act 2013 (47/2013), s. 6, commenced on enactment.

[Terms and conditions of redeployment.

57C.— ...

(8) If such is not the case immediately before the redeployment day, a person redeployed under section 57B to a position in the civil service shall, from that day, be subject to and employed in accordance with the Civil Service Regulation Acts 1956 to 2005 and the Ethics in Public Office Acts 1995 and 2001.]

C12

Application of Act extended (8.09.2011) by Child Care (Amendment) Act 2011 (19/2011), s. 44(7), S.I. No. 453 of 2011.

Definition.

37.— In this Part “Board” means the Children Acts Advisory Board.

...

Transfer of staff of Board.

44.—(1) (a) Subject to paragraph (b), every person who, immediately before the commencement of this Part is an employee of the Board shall, on such commencement, hold an unestablished position in the Civil Service.

...

(7) A person referred to in subsection (1) shall be subject to and employed in accordance with the Civil Service Regulation Acts 1956 to 2005 and the Ethics in Public Office Acts 1995 to 2001.

C13

Application of Act extended (22.09.2011) by Social Welfare and Pensions Act 2010 (37/2010), s. 38(12), S.I. No. 471 of 2011.

Transfer of certain employees of Executive.

38.— (1) The Minister may, with the consent of the Executive and the Minister for Health and Children, designate a person who, immediately before the designation, is an employee of the Executive (other than a fixed-term employee) for appointment to an unestablished position in the Civil Service.

...

(12) A person appointed under this section shall be subject to and employed in accordance with the Civil Service Regulation Acts 1956 to 2005 and the Ethics in Public Office Acts 1995 and 2001.

C14

Application of Act extended (11.11.2011) by Social Welfare and Pensions Act 2010 (37/2010), ss. 33(12), 37(12), S.I. No. 572 of 2011.

Interpretation.

28.—In this Part—

...

“An Foras” means An Foras Áiseanna Saothair.

Transfer of certain members of staff of An Foras.

33.— (1) The Minister may, with the consent of the Minister for Education and Skills, designate a person who, immediately before the designation, is a member of the staff of An Foras (other than a fixed-term employee) for appointment to an unestablished position in the Civil Service.

...

(12) A person appointed under this section shall be subject to and employed in accordance with the Civil Service Regulation Acts 1956 to 2005 and the Ethics in Public Office Acts 1995 and 2001.

...

C15

Application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts restricted (1.07.2010) by Inland Fisheries Act 2010 (10/2010), s. 82(3), S.I. No. 262 of 2010.

Powers of Minister in operating a fishery.

82.—(1) The Minister may, for the purpose of operating a fishery owned by him or her, do all such things as he or she may consider necessary for carrying on such fishery as a commercial undertaking and which he or she could do if he or she were a private individual and the owner of such fishery, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provision may do all or any of the following— ...

(e) employ such and so many persons as he or she thinks fit, and

...

(3) The Public Service Management (Recruitment and Appointments) Act 2004 and the Civil Service Regulation Acts 1956 and 1958 do not apply to any person employed or appointed by the Minister under this section.

C16

Application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts extended (1.10.2009) by Health (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2009 (25/2009), s. 23(7), S.I. No. 401 of 2009.

Definition.

15.— In this Part “ Council ” means the Women’s Health Council.

...

Transfer of officers.

23.— (1) (a) Subject to paragraph (b), every person who, immediately before the commencement of this Part, is an officer of the Council shall, on such commencement, hold an unestablished position in the Civil Service.

...

(7) A person referred to in subsection (1) shall be subject to and employed in accordance with the Civil Service Regulation Acts 1956 to 2005.

C17

Application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts extended (1.09.2009) by Health (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2009 (25/2009), s. 12(7), S.I. No. 288 of 2009.

Definition.

4.— In this Part “ Council ” means the National Council on Ageing and Older People.

...

Transfer of employees.

12.—(1) Every person who, immediately before the commencement of this Part, is an employee of the Council shall, on such commencement, hold an unestablished position in the Civil Service.

...

(7) A person referred to in subsection (1) shall be subject to and employed in accordance with the Civil Service Regulation Acts 1956 to 2005.

C18

Application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts extended (1.07.2009) by Social Welfare (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2008 (22/2008), s. 36(7), S.I. No. 241 of 2009.

Definition.

30.— In this Part “ Agency” means the Combat Poverty Agency.

...

Transfer of employees.

36.— (1) (a) Subject to paragraph (b), every person who, immediately before the commencement of this Part is an employee of the Agency shall, on such commencement, hold an unestablished position in the Civil Service.

...

(7) A person referred to in subsection (1), shall be subject to and employed in accordance with the Civil Service Regulation Acts 1956 to 2005 and the Ethics in Public Office Acts 1995 to 2001.

C19

Application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts extended (14.07.2005) by Education for Persons with Special Educational Needs Act 2004 (30/2004), s. 25(5), S.I. No. 507 of 2005.

Employees.

25.—(1) Subject to the consent of the Minister and the Minister for Finance, the Council may, from time to time, appoint such and so many persons to be employees of the Council as the Council may determine.

...

(5) The Civil Service Commissioners Act 1956 and the Civil Service Regulation Acts 1956 to 1996 shall apply to the Chief Executive Officer and to employees of the Council.

C20

Application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts extended (28.10.2004) by Private Security Services Act 2004 (12/2004), ss. 10(3)(a), 11(3), S.I. No. 685 of 2004.

Chief Executive.

10.—(1) There shall be a chief executive officer of the Authority (in this Act referred to as the “Chief Executive”).

(3) The appointment shall either—

(a) be on such terms as the Minister may, with the consent of the Minister for Finance, determine and be subject to the Civil Service Commissioners Act 1956 and the Civil Service Regulation Acts 1956 to 1996, or

(b) be on such other terms and conditions as may be determined by the Authority and approved by the Minister with the consent of the Minister for Finance.

...

Staff.

11.—(1) The Authority may appoint such and so many persons to be members of its staff as may be approved from time to time by the Minister with the consent of the Minister for Finance.

...

(3) Section 10 (3) shall apply, with the necessary modifications, to an appointment under this section.

C21

Application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts restricted (1.09.2004) by Residential Tenancies Act 2004 (27/2004), s. 164(8), S.I. No. 505 of 2004.

Mediators and adjudicators.

164.—(1) The Board may from time to time appoint such and so many persons who shall be known and are in this Act referred to as “mediators” to carry out the functions assigned to them by the Board in accordance with Part 6.

...

(8) Neither the Civil Service Commissioners Act 1956 (or any enactment that replaces in whole or in part that Act) nor the Civil Service Regulation Acts 1956 to 1996 shall apply to a mediator or an adjudicator.

C22

Application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts extended (6.03.2003, establishment day) by State Examinations Commission (Establishment) Order 2003 (S.I. No. 373 of 2003), art. 25(1), in effect as per art. 4.

...

3. There shall stand established on the establishment day a body to be known as the State Examinations Commission, which shall perform the functions conferred on it by or under this Order.

...

25.  (1) The Civil Service Commissioners Act, 1956, and the Civil Service Regulation Acts, 1956 to 1996, shall apply to—

(a) persons transferred into the employment of the Commission from the Civil Service of the State on the establishment day and

(b) such other employees of the Commission as the Minister, with the consent of the Minister for Finance, may, from time to time determine.

...

C23

Application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts extended (23.12.1999) by Education Act 1998 (51/1998), s. 44(4), S.I. No. 470 of 1999.

Establishment of National Council for Curriculum and Assessment.

39.—(1) There shall stand established on the establishment day a body to be known as the National Council for Curriculum and Assessment, or in the Irish language An Chomhairle Náisiúnta Curaclaim agus Measúnachta (in this Act referred to as “the Council”) to perform the functions assigned to it by or under this Act.

...

Staff.

44.—(1) The Minister, with the consent of the Minister for Finance, may appoint such and so many persons to assist the Council in the performance of its functions as the Minister considers appropriate.

...

(4) The Civil Service Commissioners Act, 1956, and the Civil Service Regulation Acts, 1956 to 1996, shall apply to full-time, permanent employees of the Council.

C24

Application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts extended (5.02.1999) by Education Act 1998 (51/1998), s. 13(11), S.I. No. 29 of 1999.

The Inspectorate.

13.—(1) The Minister shall appoint a Chief Inspector and such and so many Inspectors as the Minister considers appropriate and the Chief Inspector and Inspectors collectively shall be known and are referred to in this Act as the “Inspectorate”.

...

(11) The Civil Service Commissioners Act, 1956, and the Civil Service Regulation Acts, 1956 to 1996, shall apply to Inspectors.

...

C25

Application of Act restricted (10.04.1995) by Heritage Act 1995 (4/1995), s. 18(6), commenced on enactment.

Establishment of Council.

5.— ...

(2) There shall stand established on the establishment day a body to be known as An Chomhairle Oidhreachta or, in the English language, The Heritage Council to perform the functions conferred on it by this Act.

...

Staff of Council.

18.— ...

(6) The Civil Service Regulation Act, 1956, shall not apply in relation to an appointment or engagement under this section.

C26

Application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts extended (1.06.1988) by National Archives Act 1986 (11/1986), s. 6(3), S.I. No. 228 of 1998.

Staff of National Archives.

6.—(1) The Taoiseach may appoint such and, with the concurrence from time to time of the Minister for the Public Service, so many persons to be the officers (in addition to the Director) and servants of the National Archives as the Taoiseach thinks proper.

...

(3) The Civil Service Commissioners Act, 1956, the Civil Service Regulation Acts, 1956 and 1958, and the Superannuation Acts, 1834 to 1963, and any Act for the time being in force and replacing or amending any of those Acts shall apply to the Director and to officers and servants of the National Archives appointed under this section.

C27

Application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts restricted (5.06.1968) by Imposition of Duties (Dumping and Subsidies) Act 1968 (11/1968), s. 4(12), commenced on enactment.

An Coimisiún Dumpála.

4.—(1) There shall be a commission to be known, and in this Act referred to, as An Coimisiún Dumpála.

...

(12) The Civil Service Regulation Acts, 1956 and 1958, shall not apply to the office of member of the Commission.

C28

Application of Act extended (9.12.1959) by Staff of the Houses of the Oireachtas Act 1959 (38/1959), s. 16, commenced on enactment; construed (1.01.2004) as per Houses of the Oireachtas Commission Act 2003 (28/2003), s. 12(4)(a), commenced as per s. 1(2) and 3(1)(a).

Interpretation.

2.—In this Act—

“the amending Regulation Act” means the Civil Service Regulation (Amendment) Act, 1958;

...

“the Regulation Act” means the Civil Service Regulation Act, 1956.

...

Application of Regulation Act to members of the staff of the Houses of the Oireachtas.

16.—(1) The provisions of the Regulation Act and the amending Regulation Act shall, as amended by this Act, apply to members of the staff of the Houses of the Oireachtas.

(2) The provisions of the Regulation Act and the amending Regulation Act, as applied by subsection (1) of this section, shall apply to persons who are members of the staff of the Houses of the Oireachtas on the date of the passing of this Act as well as to persons who become members of the staff of the Houses of the Oireachtas after that date.

Editorial Notes:

E1

Previous affecting provision: application of Act extended (24.12.2003) by National Council for Special Education (Establishment) Order 2003 (S.I. No. 270 of 2004), art. 25, in effect as per art. 5; council dissolved (1.10.2005) by Education for Persons with Special Educational Needs Act 2004 (30/2004) s. 45(1), S.I. No. 636 of 2005.

E2

Previous affecting provision: application of Act restricted by Road Traffic Act 1961 (24/1961), s. 103(19)(d), as substituted (31.10.2002) by Road Traffic Act 2002 (12/2002), s. 11, S.I. No. 491 of 2002; repealed (1.06.2017) by Road Traffic Act 2010 (25/2010), s. 49(a), S.I. No. 241 of 2017.

E3

Previous affecting provision: application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts restricted (1.07.2002) by Competition Act 2002 (14/2002), s. 35(10), S.I. No. 199 of 2002; repealed (31.10.2014) by Competition and Consumer Protection Act 2014 (29/2014), s. 7(1)(c), S.I. No. 366 of 2014.

E4

Previous affecting provision: application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts extended (18.10.1999) by Employment Equality Act 1998 (21/1998), s. 51(3)(a), S.I. No. 320 of 1999; Equality Authority dissolved (1.11.2014) with staff transferred to the Irish Human Rights Commission by Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission Act 2014 (25/2014), ss. 43(1)(b), 45, S.I. Nos. 449, 450 of 2014.

E5

Previous affecting provision: application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts extended (18.10.1999) by Employment Equality Act 1998 (21/1998), s. 75(2), S.I. No. 320 of 1999; office of the Director of Equality Investigations renamed as the Equality Tribunal (18.07.2004) by Equality Act 2004 (24/2004), s. 30(b)(i), commenced on enactment; repealed (1.10.2015) by Workplace Relations Act 2015 (16/2015) , s. 83(1)(d)(i), S.I. No. 410 of 2015.

E6

Previous affecting provision: application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts restricted (1.10.1991) by Competition Act 1991 (24/1991), s. 10(4) and sch. para. 2(5), S.I. No. 249 of 1991; repealed (1.07.2002) by Competition Act 2002 (14/2002) s. 48(d), S.I. No. 199 of 2002.

E7

Previous affecting provision: application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts extended (18.07.1990) by Industrial Relations Act 1990 (19/1990), s. 32(2), commenced on enactment; rendered obsolete (1.10.2015) by Workplace Relations Act 2015 (16/2015), s. 56(1), S.I. Nos. 410, 413 of 2015, under which the Labour Relations Commission was dissolved.

E8

Previous affecting provision: application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts extended (25.07.1985) by Farm Tax Act 1985 (17/1985), s. 14(8), commenced on enactment; rendered obsolete (25.07.1990) on the expiry of the term provided for in s. 14(1).

E9

Previous affecting provision: application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts restricted (16.11.1984) by Motor Insurance Advisory Board (Establishment) Order 1984 (S.I. No. 299 of 1984), art. 4(4); rendered obsolete (1.05.2007) by Consumer Protection Act 2007 (19/2007) s. 4(1) and sch. 2, S.I. No. 178 of 2007, which repealed Prices Act 1958 (4/1958), s. 22B (power to establish an advisory body).

E10

Previous affecting provision: application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts restricted (18.03.1980) by Fisheries Act 1980 (1/1980), s. 60(3), commenced on enactment; repealed (1.06.2010) by Inland Fisheries Act 2010 (10/2010), s. 4 and sch 1, commenced on enactment.

E11

Previous affecting provision: application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts restricted (24.12.1973) by Arts Act 1973 (33/1973), s. 8(2), commenced on enactment; repealed (14.08.2003) by Arts Act 2003 (24/2003), s. 4, S.I. No. 364 of 2003.

E12

Previous affecting provision: functions of Minister for Finance transferred to Minister for the Public Service and references construed (1.11.1973) by Public Service (Transfer of Departmental Administration and Ministerial Functions) Order 1973 (S.I. No. 294 of 1973), arts. 4(1)(p), (6), in effect as per art. 1(2), subject to transitional provisions in arts. 5-8; superseded (19.03.1987) by Public Service (Transfer of Departmental Administration and Ministerial Functions) Order 1987 (S.I. No. 81 of 1987), arts. 3, 4(1)(b), (2), subject to transitional provisions in arts. 5-9.

E13

Previous affecting provision: application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts restricted (20.06.1972) by Restrictive Practices Act 1972 (11/1972), ss. 2(2), 13(2) and  sch. 1 par. 2(5), sch. 2 par. 1(5), commenced on enactment; repealed (1.10.1991) by Competition Act 1991 (24/1991), s. 22, S.I. No. 249 of 1991, in respect of certain purposes.

E14

Previous affecting provision: application of collectively cited Civil Service Regulation Acts restricted (3.06.1969) by Industrial Relations Act 1969 (14/1969), s. 4(7), commenced on enactment; substituted (1.08.2015) as per C-Note above.

E15

Previous affecting provision: application of Act restricted (3.06.1969) by Industrial Relations Act 1969 (14/1969), s. 13(5)(b), commenced on enactment; repealed (1.08.2015) by Workplace Relations Act 2015 (16/2015), s. 8(1) and sch. 2 part 1 ref. 2, S.I. No. 410 of 2015, subject to transitional arrangements in s. 8(2).

E16

Previous affecting provision: application of Act restricted (1.09.1968) by Road Traffic Act 1968 (25/1968), s. 64(4), S.I. No. 169 of 1968; repealed (9.01.2013) by Road Traffic Act 2002 (12/2002), s. 25(2), S.I. No. 12 of 2013.

E17

Previous affecting provision: application of Act restricted (31.12.1960) by Rent Restrictions Act 1960 (42/1960), s. 27(5), commenced as per s. 1(2); repealed (26.07.1982) by Housing (Private Rented Dwellings) Act 1982 (6/1982), s. 6, S.I. No. 216 of 1982.

E18

Previous affecting provision: application of Act restricted by Fisheries (Consolidation) Act 1959 (14/1959), s. 203(3), not commenced; repealed (29.10.1980) by Fisheries Act 1980 (1/1980), s. 6(1) and sch. 1, S.I. No. 323 of 1980.